The second was the naval battle of Actium in 31 BC when Octavian defeated Mark Antony and became undisputed emperor. Veterans of those battles settled in Philippi and it became ‘a colony’ with the honorific name Colonia Augusta Iulia (Victrix) Philippiensis, the name Iulia being that of Octavian’s daughter. Invaders use their military might to conquer and then proceed to transform by giving prominence to their language and culture, or even imposing these things with the force of law. Alexander the
Pages 13–14